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FINAL MAJOR PROJECT - STUDY BLOCK THREE

28 MAY'24 - 22TH AUGUST'24

WEEK 1: 28th May'24 - 31st May'24

28th May'24 - Introduction to the Brief and Workshop

This morning, we had an introductory presentation for our final module briefing, which highlighted the progress we've made so far. The final MA project involves developing and creating a practice-based communication design project, building on the work completed in previous modules. While staff tutorials guide the project, it is self-directed, allowing for a rigorous and enhanced creative process. This process is underpinned by the ability to critically engage with design theories, methodologies, and contexts and a comprehensive understanding of research practices. Alongside the practical output, students have the option to write an academically focused critical essay or a strategic report. The module unfolds in several phases, guiding the realization of the major project through discussion, testing, presentation, critique, and reflection, tailored to each student's postgraduate interests and future directions. Additionally, there's an opportunity to exhibit the final projects or outcomes from previous modules at the module's conclusion.

The brief requires us to develop a self-directed communication design project that builds on our journey over the past two study blocks and the abstract from study block 2. This project demands an immersive 'deep-dive' approach, involving a rigorous independent process, substantial theoretical insight, and critical awareness. Engaging with experts and specialists in our chosen area is encouraged. The outcome should demonstrate innovation and a high level of production awareness, ensuring it meets the project's objectives. As always in communication design, a clearly defined message, target audience, and set of aims and objectives are essential.

For my second-semester project, I focused on exploring the theme of inclusive design within Packaging and UI/UX for my final major project. As I conducted my research, I observed that "inclusive design" is not widely adopted in these fields. In packaging, many designs prioritize aesthetics over accessibility, raising important concerns. Similarly, in UI/UX, I found myself uncertain about the direction to pursue and the target audience to focus on.

To address these uncertainties, I decided to delve deeper into understanding the challenges faced by visually impaired individuals in packaging and technology. I also aimed to expand my knowledge of inclusive and universal design principles.

After the presentation, we participated in a workshop using a collaborative map, where each participant contributed to their section. One person took notes on the sheet while others shared their ideas, with the note-taker documenting the discussion as thoroughly as possible. Meanwhile, a third participant asked questions, commented on strengths and challenges, and contributed additional ideas.

After completing the map and discussing it with the group, I received the following notes:

  1. Packaging: How can it be made more attractive?

  2. Visually Impaired: How do they perceive design on packaging?

  3. Inclusive Design: How can it be integrated with UI/UX design?

  4. App for Navigating Space

  5. Resources: Exploring the availability of resources for learning Braille and other tactile elements.

  6. Types of Blindness: How do different types of blindness affect this?

 

This workshop helped clarify the direction of my project. I’ve decided to focus on studying inclusive design and gaining a deeper understanding of the needs of visually impaired individuals.

29th May'24 - Feedback and Readings

This morning, I had a tutorial session with Lizzie, where I discussed my project topic. She advised me to research various sectors I want to target and map out the specific audience I intend to highlight.

 

To deepen my understanding of the subject, I decided to read two books: Design for Inclusivity and Inclusive Design for the Whole Population.

 

Design for Inclusivity provides a thorough exploration of inclusive design, emphasising the creation of products and environments that cater to a diverse range of users, including individuals with disabilities and the elderly. The book traces the historical development of inclusive design, from its roots in accessibility to its modern-day applications across different fields. It also discusses the business and management benefits of inclusive design, featuring practical case studies and real-world examples. Additionally, it offers detailed guidance on the tools, techniques, and processes for implementing and evaluating inclusive design, with strategies to prevent design exclusion. The book also addresses future challenges and opportunities, especially in less advantaged and rural areas, to advance inclusive design practices globally.

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Inclusive Design for the Whole Population offers a comprehensive review of inclusive design, highlighting innovative ideas for improvement and advocating for broader future implementation. The book combines insights from both industry and academia, promoting inclusive design as both a socially responsible and profitable strategy. Divided into two parts, it outlines the business benefits, including demographic, legal, and ethical considerations. Case studies from companies like Fiat and The Royal Mail showcase the commercial success of inclusive design. It also provides practical guidance for designers, addressing key questions about user needs and offering tools to achieve realistic inclusive design goals. This book is a valuable resource for designers, researchers, students, and managers, demonstrating that inclusive design is not only a social imperative but also a smart business strategy.

31st May’24 - Research about Blindness and Visually impaired

Vision impairment occurs when an eye condition affects the visual system and its functions. Nearly everyone, if they live long enough, will experience at least one eye condition that requires appropriate care. Vision impairment can have profound consequences across a person’s life, but many of these can be mitigated with timely access to quality eye care. While eye care strategies often focus on conditions that lead to vision impairment and blindness—such as cataracts or refractive errors—it's equally important to address conditions that may not typically cause vision impairment, like dry eye or conjunctivitis. These conditions are among the leading reasons for seeking eye care services.

 

Global Causes of Vision Impairment and Blindness:

- Refractive errors

- Cataract

- Diabetic retinopathy

- Glaucoma

- Age-related macular degeneration

 

The causes of vision impairment vary greatly between and within countries, influenced by the availability, affordability, and education surrounding eye care services. For example, unoperated cataracts are a more significant cause of vision impairment in low- and middle-income countries, while glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are more common in high-income countries.

 

Personal Impact: Vision impairment can severely affect the quality of life, particularly among adults. It is linked to lower employment rates, higher instances of depression and anxiety, social isolation, difficulties with mobility, and an increased risk of falls and early admission into care homes.

 

Key Facts:

- Globally, at least 2.2 billion people have near or distance vision impairment, with at least 1 billion cases preventable or yet to be addressed.

- Of these, the main causes are cataract (94 million), refractive error (88.4 million), age-related macular degeneration (8 million), glaucoma (7.7 million), and diabetic retinopathy (3.9 million).

- In the UK, over two million people live with sight loss, with 340,000 registered as blind or partially sighted. Every six minutes, someone in the UK loses their sight.

- Unaddressed near vision impairment rates exceed 80% in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa, while rates are below 10% in high-income regions like North America and Europe.

- Population growth and aging will likely increase the number of people with vision impairment, with projections showing that by 2050, the number of people in the UK with sight loss will double to over four million.

- A significant portion of those with sight loss are women, who not only live longer but also have a higher prevalence of conditions leading to vision impairment in old age.

 

Understanding Blindness:

- Individuals who are blind rely heavily on their other senses, particularly hearing, to navigate the world. For example, while sighted people watch a movie, blind individuals follow the story through sound.

- Some visually impaired people have partial sight and can use magnifiers for tasks like reading a screen, while others use assistive technologies like Braille displays or screen readers, which are also available on smartphones.

- Blindness can vary widely, with some individuals having light perception, tunnel vision, or even the ability to see colours, though those born blind may not be able to describe these sensations.

- Many blind individuals express frustration over being doubted about their impairment. In reality, only about 2% to 8% of blind people use a cane; others might rely on guide dogs, partial sight, or sighted guides.

- Despite their impairments, blind people can lead independent lives, performing everyday tasks such as cooking and applying makeup, often surprising sighted individuals.

 

Barriers Faced by Blind and Partially Sighted People:

 

1. Public Attitudes: Low awareness and negative attitudes toward sight loss are the most significant barriers, followed by challenges in gaining or maintaining employment.

2. Navigating Spaces: Streets, public spaces, and buildings pose substantial challenges.

3. Technology: Access to training and support, along with the cost of equipment and internet access, are significant hurdles.

4. Accessing Information and Services: Many blind and partially sighted people find it challenging to access information and products in shops.

5. Self-care and Home Maintenance: Tasks like cooking, shopping, and personal grooming are among the most challenging aspects of daily life for visually impaired individuals.

WEEK 2: 3rd June'24 - 7th June'24

3rd June'24 - Group Session and Feedback

During a group session with Bryan, I introduced my current project and shared the books I’ve been reading. The feedback I received emphasized the importance of incorporating accessibility alongside inclusivity in my work. Bryan suggested that I explore the visually impaired community and talk to them.

 

Additionally, I was encouraged to clarify the questions I have been asking and to define the outcomes I aim to achieve. It was also recommended that I connect with visually impaired individuals for firsthand insights to enrich my research.

5th June'24 - Listened to the Podcast ‘How Do Blind People Shop for Groceries?’

In my research into the challenges faced by visually impaired and blind individuals, I discovered an impressive resource called “Be My Eyes.” This platform connects blind and low-vision users with volunteers and companies worldwide through live video and artificial intelligence. Their mission is to enhance accessibility for the approximately 340 million people globally who are blind or have low vision.

Be My Eyes is dedicated to refining and scaling a business model that harnesses innovative tools to benefit not only the blind and low-vision community but also volunteers, companies, and governments that use their platform. Their approach blends purpose with profit, striving to create a more inclusive world through both technology and human support.

I recently listened to a podcast episode titled “How Do Blind People Shop for Groceries?” where participants shared their personal experiences and strategies for grocery shopping.

Participant 01 offered detailed insights into her grocery shopping experience:

  • Store Preferences: She prefers stores like Trader Joe’s, which have a strong service-oriented culture, making it easier to navigate the aisles. She mentioned that wandering can make sighted people uncomfortable, often leading them to offer assistance, which she sometimes finds stressful.

  • Navigational Assistance: For new locations, her sighted husband visits the store beforehand to familiarize himself with the layout. He then provides her with detailed directions, including the locations of specific items and how to navigate the store. This advance scouting helps her feel more confident and appear familiar with the store when she arrives.

  • In-Store Strategies: When visiting a new store, she might seek out the manager to discuss the best ways to receive assistance and learn about less busy times. This proactive approach helps her avoid peak hours and increases her chances of getting the support she needs.

  • Emotional Impact: She expressed a sense of shame when asking for help, fearing she might inconvenience others. Her husband has encouraged her to be more assertive, reminding her that seeking help is a right, not a burden. Her daughter has also become accustomed to assisting her, sometimes offering useful observations about changes in familiar places.

 

Participant 02 shared alternative strategies for grocery shopping:

  • Online Shopping: She prefers ordering groceries online or using delivery services. This method allows her to browse and select items using her phone, while someone else handles the physical shopping. This approach reduces the stress of navigating the store and managing multiple tasks at once.

  • Store Navigation: When shopping in person, she organizes her grocery list according to the store’s layout, which she often researches online. She arranges her list to follow the store’s aisles, though she acknowledges that item placement can be unpredictable.

This podcast highlighted various practical strategies and emotional experiences of blind individuals navigating grocery shopping, shedding light on the broader challenges of accessibility and the innovative solutions being developed to address them.

6th June’ 24 - Research

‘It’s Impossible for Blind People to Go Supermarket Shopping – That Needs to Change’

According to research by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), nine out of ten blind or partially sighted individuals find it difficult or impossible to read information on food packaging. Carley, a 24-year-old from Chesterfield, Derbyshire, who is completely blind due to neurofibromatosis, has initiated a Change.org petition urging product manufacturers and supermarkets to include Braille on the packaging. This petition has garnered over 21,000 signatures.

Carley shared with me: I’d love to go shopping, but it’s just impossible when you’re blind. I can’t go out alone because I’m unsteady on my feet, but for other blind people who can, it denies them independence. It’s also a safety hazard because, at home, you might mix up dog food with human food, for instance. Braille on packaging would help ensure you’re using the right products, like distinguishing between shower gel and shampoo.”

Decline in Braille Usage

While all medicines are required by law to display their names in Braille on their labels, there is no such requirement for food products. This omission presents clear problems: people with visual impairments struggle to access crucial information about allergies, dietary restrictions, and healthy food choices. Among the vast number of products available in supermarkets, very few feature Braille. The Co-op includes Braille on its own-brand packaging “where technically feasible,” but other supermarkets have yet to follow suit. However, many stores, including Sainsbury’s and Tesco, offer accessible websites and assisted shopping services.

Braille, though almost invisible to sighted individuals, can be embossed over printed text without being distracting. Yet, the effectiveness of Braille as an inclusive solution is questioned. The RNIB notes that only 24,000 people in the UK can read Braille.

Marc Powell, RNIB’s strategic accessibility lead, who is himself blind, commented: “Braille is beneficial for those who can read it, but only about 10 per cent of blind and partially sighted people do, while 90 per cent do not.”

 

The decline in Braille usage is attributed to various factors, including budget constraints in schools and the rise of technology like screen-reader software. Powell explained, “Braille has limitations due to the small space available on packaging and the significant impact on production costs. Therefore, exploring technological solutions often makes more sense, given today’s advancements in smartphone technology.”

7th June’ 24 - 'Real Stories’

Real Stories - Laura and Jorja

Laura’s daughter, Jorja, has faced multiple challenges since birth, including nystagmus, photophobia, astigmatism, and a converging squint, all of which affect her spatial awareness and peripheral vision. Additionally, Jorja was diagnosed with Coeliac disease shortly after turning five, necessitating a strictly gluten-free diet. Laura explained: “Jorja is at an age where we’re trying to give her more independence and life skills, like going to a shop and making purchases. We either research potential items she might want to buy beforehand or I let her choose and check later.”

“When I’m not with her, Jorja often calls me to look up information online, so I can read through product details, or she’ll ask store staff for help. However, relying on me means she’s not able to access information independently, which is a significant barrier.”

Real Stories - Mark

With support from RNIB, Mark is adjusting to his recent sight loss and working to rebuild his confidence, though he still struggles with shopping due to inaccessible packaging. Mark, who was registered as severely sight impaired in December 2019 after experiencing retinal detachments in both eyes, shared: “I’m learning to be more independent and use a cane, but shopping alone remains a challenge. I often need assistance from store staff because I can’t distinguish between items like filleted chicken and chicken wings.”

Loss of Independence

“It feels like an additional obstacle to have to ask for help. Sometimes, I just want to be independent and enjoy a bit of normality, like a simple shopping trip. But in those moments, I can’t help but feel a bit useless, constantly needing assistance.”

Facing Limited Choices

“I get frustrated when I can’t explore different products or make spontaneous choices. Before losing my sight, I enjoyed browsing the supermarket on a Friday afternoon, thinking about what I might fancy. Now, that sense of freedom is gone, and I often feel like a burden when I need to ask for help.”

Insights from Real-Life Experiences

After researching the challenges faced by visually impaired individuals and listening to their real-life experiences, I’ve identified two critical areas needing attention: navigation and packaging.

Navigation: Visually impaired people frequently face difficulties navigating physical spaces, such as grocery stores or public transportation, especially if environments have changed. Developing accessible and intuitive navigation solutions is crucial.

Packaging: Inaccessible packaging is another major barrier. Many visually impaired individuals struggle to identify products, read labels, and understand instructions due to packaging that relies heavily on visual information.

Given the significance of these issues, I plan to focus on exploring and understanding the challenges related to navigation and packaging in greater depth. By doing so, I hope to uncover insights that can help make the world more accessible for those who are visually impaired.

WEEK 3: 10th June'24 - 15th June'24

10th June'24 - Research

 Understanding Barriers for Visually Impaired Shoppers in Grocery Stores

When I began my research, I focused on the challenges faced by visually impaired individuals in navigating grocery stores. Grocery stores are designed with various zones and services, including canned goods, dry packaged items, spices, drinks, snacks, and more. For people with impaired vision, these sections can be difficult to navigate and locate the products they need.

The design of grocery stores typically prioritizes the relationship between the seller and the consumer. Retailers consider factors like floor layout and customer behaviour to optimize product placement and maximize sales. However, this design process often overlooks the needs of visually impaired shoppers. According to a literature review, no grocery stores have been specifically designed to accommodate visually impaired customers, who often rely on friends, family, or store staff to find items and shop efficiently.

How Can Retailers Create Accessible Environments?

In Ireland, where 240,000 people live with vision impairment, a study by the National Council for the Blind Ireland (NCBI) highlighted the following barriers in grocery stores:

  • 79% of respondents found it difficult to navigate through different store zones.

  • 96% struggled to access information on signs.

  • 95% faced challenges with product labels.

  • 73% encountered obstacles in the aisles.

  • 89% expressed a desire for their receipts to be read to them.

Customer Service Considerations

Customer service staff should be aware that not all visually impaired individuals use a white cane or guide dog, and some may also have hearing impairments. Creating a design that supports their independence is crucial.

Navigating and Locating Products

Visually impaired shoppers often push their carts while relying on assistants to pick out products. Obstacles such as staff pallets, freestanding displays, or dropped items can complicate navigation. Seasonal product arrangements and small print on labels further exacerbate these challenges, preventing customers from accessing important product information.

Paying for Products

Visually impaired individuals face difficulties when paying for items. Identifying returned change and using various chip-and-pin machines can be stressful due to differing layouts and frequent updates.

Examples of Inclusive Solutions

Starbucks has partnered with Aira, a service that helps visually impaired customers navigate stores using remote agents. Susan Mazrui, a blind customer, used Aira at a Seattle Starbucks to navigate the store, read the menu, and describe pastry options. This technology has been credited with improving customer experience, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Japan’s Tactile Paving Blocks Tactile paving blocks, or Tenji blocks, are yellow guide paths used throughout Japan to assist visually impaired individuals in navigating urban environments. Developed by Seiichi Miyake in 1965, Tenji blocks have become a global standard, with adaptations in many countries. In Tokyo, an app launched in 2021 provides spoken directions via QR codes on the blocks.

BlindSquare BlindSquare is a widely used GPS app designed for the blind, deafblind, and partially sighted. It provides detailed information about points of interest and intersections, supporting safe and reliable travel both indoors and outdoors.

Soundscape Microsoft's Soundscape app uses audio-based technology to help users build spatial awareness of their surroundings. After installation and setup, users can explore familiar routes or discover new places with enhanced spatial information delivered through a headset.

By examining these examples and addressing the identified challenges, we can work towards making grocery stores and other environments more accessible for visually impaired/ individuals.

11th June'24 - Research

The Importance of Accessible Packaging for the Visually Impaired

After delving into navigation challenges, I shifted my focus to accessible packaging and its significance for visually impaired individuals. Accessible packaging is designed to accommodate the diverse needs and abilities of all users. This approach ensures that packaging is easy to open, hold, and use, regardless of physical or cognitive abilities. It also involves providing clear and understandable product information to support informed decision-making for everyone, including those with cognitive impairments or literacy challenges.

Examples of Accessible Packaging

Pantene’s Miracles Range For its Miracles range, UK haircare brand Pantene collaborated with the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB), NaviLens, and visually impaired beauty influencer Lucy Edwards to create more inclusive packaging. Given that many visually impaired individuals do not use Braille and find information on packaging difficult to read, Pantene’s partnership with NaviLens introduced a brightly coloured QR-type code. This code, which can be read from 12 times farther away than a regular QR code and without needing to be in focus, helps consumers locate products in-store and access detailed brand and product information in large text or audio formats through the NaviLens app.

Kellogg’s Rice Krispies ‘Love Notes’ Kellogg’s launched ‘Love Notes’ Rice Krispies in the US, featuring Braille heart-shaped stickers and audio messages. Jessica Waller, VP of Sales at Kellogg’s, emphasized the company’s commitment to inclusion, noting the founder’s own experience with sight loss. The campaign centred around an 11-year-old girl named Eme Butler-Mitchel, highlighted the importance of making messages of love accessible to children with visual impairments. Despite the campaign’s success, including over 3 million views and a Shorty Award for best-branded content in May 2018, Kellogg’s did not continue the product after supplies ran out.

Challenges and Advocacy

A study commissioned by Roland DG revealed that more than three-quarters of visually impaired individuals believe that brands should be legally required to make packaging more accessible. Conducted with 500 UK adults with visual impairments, the research showed that 81% support legislation for accessible packaging. Key findings included:

  • 74% had picked up the wrong product due to poor packaging guidance.

  • 51% felt disappointed by such mistakes.

  • 39% experienced financial waste.

  • 31% picked up items they couldn’t eat due to dietary restrictions.

  • 23% accidentally bought products they were allergic to.

 

Lucy Edwards, a disability activist and campaign ambassador for Roland DG, emphasized the need for more tactile and accessible packaging. She noted that for visually impaired individuals, everyday items could be confusing and potentially hazardous if packaging information is not accessible.

Additional Examples

Raised Universal Symbols by Victorialand Beauty Victorialand Beauty, founded by Victoria Watts, offers a system of Raised Universal Symbols designed to improve accessibility. Inspired by her son Cyrus, who has a severe visual impairment, Watts developed tactile symbols for packaging, such as a moon for night cream and a droplet for face oil. These symbols, developed in collaboration with LightHouse, help visually impaired users identify products. The packaging also includes raised QR codes that link to audio descriptions of the products, including key ingredients and usage instructions.

Watts aims to encourage other brands to adopt similar accessibility measures. She believes that with an expected doubling of the blind population in the next 20 years, it’s crucial to implement changes now to support this growing community.

By addressing these challenges and implementing innovative solutions, we can make packaging more accessible and inclusive for all individuals, regardless of their visual abilities.

12th June'24 - Feedback Session on the Briefs

After completing my initial research, I found myself at a crossroads regarding which direction to pursue. To gain clarity, I developed two distinct briefs and sought feedback on their potential.

These briefs, each reflecting my interest in different areas, were presented to gather insights on their viability. The feedback underscored the need for a deeper understanding of theories related to the topics at hand. Specifically, there were suggestions to explore:

  • Enhancing Retail Packaging: Focus on aspects like colour contrast and text size to improve accessibility for visually impaired individuals.

  • Incorporating Tactile and Audio Elements: Investigate how texture or audio cues in packaging can assist those with visual impairments.

 

For the brief addressing the visually impaired shopping experience, it became clear that refining the research question and identifying any gaps or critical moments was necessary. Additionally, the importance of obtaining ethics approval and consent for interviewing visually impaired participants was highlighted.

This feedback session proved invaluable in clarifying the areas requiring further research and in outlining the steps needed to advance the project effectively.

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13th June'24 - Readings

After the brief session, I delved into theories related to touch to deepen my understanding of the topics at hand.

The first book I studied is Universal Design: Creating Inclusive Environments. This work explores universal design, an approach aimed at making environments and products accessible and usable by everyone, regardless of age, ability, or background. Originally, universal design was defined as design that serves all people without needing special adaptations. However, this concept has evolved to emphasize broader inclusivity. Critics argue that the initial definition might be overly idealistic, as it may not fully address the diverse needs of various populations, particularly those with disabilities. To address these concerns, alternative terms like “Design for All” in Europe and “Inclusive Design” in the UK have emerged, focusing on human diversity, social inclusion, and equality.

To foster inclusion and independence, benefiting a broader population compared to traditional design practices. Achieving true universal design involves balancing idealism with practicality. While full inclusion is the ultimate goal, it requires continuous adaptation to different contexts and resources. By viewing universal design as an ongoing, evolutionary process, it becomes a realistic approach that enhances accessibility, health, wellness, and social participation for everyone.

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The Principles of Universal Design are outlined as follows:

  • Equitable Use: The design does not disadvantage or stigmatize any group.

  • Flexibility in Use: The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

  • Simple and Intuitive Use: The design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

  • Perceptible Information: The design effectively communicates necessary information to the user, regardless of sensory abilities or ambient conditions.

  • Tolerance for Error: The design minimizes hazards and adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

  • Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortably, with minimal fatigue.

  • Size and Space for Approach and Use: The design provides appropriate size and space for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the user’s body size, posture, or mobility (Center for Universal Design 1997; Connell et al. 1997).

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The second book, Touch and Blindness: Psychology and Neuroscience, reveals key insights into the development of touch skills among individuals who are blind:

  • Superior Haptic Skills: Individuals who are blind often develop heightened touch abilities. Those with very low vision or who became blind later in life may even outperform sighted individuals in tasks involving pattern familiarity.

  • Challenges in Haptic Exploration: Without visual guidance, blind individuals face difficulties in haptic exploration. Sighted individuals benefit from seeing hand movements, which aids in tasks like pattern perception and texture judgments.

  • Multisensory Perception: Sighted people perceive their environment through multiple senses, including vision, touch, hearing, and smell. Vision helps orient objects, facilitating more effective haptic exploration.

  • Intangibility of Textures: Some textures are created by colour changes rather than actual surface alterations, making them intangible to touch.

  • Role of Visual Imagery: Studying blind individuals provides insights into how visual imagery and experience contribute to spatial awareness, pattern perception, and memory.

  • Differences in Information Processing: Visual information is processed faster than tactile information, allowing sighted individuals to acquire knowledge more quickly. This faster pace means blind individuals may have different educational backgrounds and less experience interpreting graphics like maps and pictures.

  • Performance in Spatial Tasks: Blind children, aged 3 to 16, consistently outperform sighted peers in spatial subtests assessing figure-ground organization, dimensional structure, and memory tasks. This superior performance, particularly in tasks involving raised-line shapes and surfaces, is likely due to early specialized education (Ballesteros et al., 2004).

14th June'24 -  Research

What is Human-Centered Design (HCD)?

Human-centered design (HCD) is a practice that emphasizes designing with a deep focus on four key aspects:

  1. People and Their Context: Designers prioritize understanding people and the context in which they operate. This involves recognizing and addressing the unique needs and challenges of the target audience.

  2. Understanding and Solving the Right Problems: HCD aims to address the root causes of problems rather than just treating symptoms. This approach ensures that solutions are effective and long-lasting.

  3. Everything is a System: Designers view everything as part of an interconnected system. This perspective helps in understanding how different elements interact and affect each other.

  4. Small and Simple Interventions: The approach advocates for iterative work through small, manageable interventions. Designers prototype, test, and refine solutions incrementally to ensure they meet the needs of users effectively.

 

Don Norman, a cognitive science and user experience expert, considers HCD a step beyond user-centered design. He emphasizes its goal of creating products that enhance lives and bring pleasure and satisfaction:

“The challenge is to use the principles of human-centred design to produce positive results, products that enhance lives and add to our pleasure and enjoyment. The goal is to produce a great product, one that is successful, and that customers love. It can be done.” — Don Norman, “Grand Old Man of User Experience”

The Theory of Planned Behavior

The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), developed by Ajzen (1985), posits that an individual’s decision to engage in a specific behaviour is influenced by their intention to perform that behaviour. Ajzen (1991) explains:

“Intentions are assumed to capture the motivational factors that influence behaviour; they are indications of how hard people are willing to try, of how much of an effort they are planning to exert, to perform the behaviour. As a general rule, the stronger the intention to engage in a behaviour, the more likely should be its performance” (Ajzen, 1991, p. 181).

According to TPB, intentions are determined by three variables:

  1. Personal Attitudes: This encompasses our overall attitude towards a behaviour, including both positive and negative aspects. For instance, our attitude towards smoking might include its relaxing effects and pleasure, balanced against its negative consequences like cost and health impacts.

  2. Subjective Norms: This involves our perception of others' attitudes towards a behaviour. It reflects how we believe significant people (family, friends, colleagues) view the behaviour, rather than their actual opinions.

  3. Perceived Behavioral Control: This refers to our belief in our ability to control our behaviour. It includes both internal factors (personal abilities and determination) and external factors (resources and support). TPB argues that perceived behavioural control affects both our intentions and our actual behaviour. The more control we believe we have, the stronger our intention to engage in the behaviour and the more effort we will put into it.

 

This concept aligns with Bandura’s idea of perceived self-efficacy, which focuses on individuals’ judgments of their ability to execute actions required to handle different situations (Bandura, 1982, p. 122).

15th June'24 -  Research

After studying relevant theories, I focused on researching ways to make packaging more accessible for visually impaired individuals.

Food Regulations and Accessibility

The Food Information Regulations set minimum font size requirements and emphasize certain mandatory information on packaging to support consumer choice. However, they lack specific guidelines for addressing the needs of the visually impaired. In contrast, nearly 20 years ago, an EU directive required pharmaceutical companies to include key information in Braille on medication packaging, which later inspired an International Standard encouraging broader adoption of these guidelines across different sectors.

Recently, the Spanish Government has been exploring accessible labeling, starting with Braille, for products essential to consumer safety and quality of life. Although a new law is anticipated, no timeline has been set. Advocates argue that critical information on food products, such as product names, allergens, and shelf-life details, should be available in Braille to ensure safe selection, preparation, and consumption. The challenge lies in determining the most cost-effective, sustainable, and practical methods for implementation, with future regulations potentially playing a crucial role in encouraging widespread adoption.

Accessible Food Labels

While only a small proportion of food manufacturers and retailers have introduced accessible labelling—such as Co-op, which includes Braille on packaging where feasible—the practice has not yet been universally adopted. The Royal National Institute of Blind (RNIB) is actively campaigning for brands to integrate accessibility into their design processes. Marc Powell, RNIB's Head of Accessibility Innovation, notes that collaboration with Kellogg’s and the introduction of NeviLens packaging have encouraged more brands to adopt accessible solutions. He urges more brands to embrace accessibility as a core design consideration.

Strategies for Accessible Food Labels

  • Braille: Scottish charities recently petitioned the government to include Braille on food packaging. Sight Scotland CEO Craig Spalding emphasized that Braille helps individuals with progressive vision loss maintain independence and supports their mental well-being.

  • Fonts: Adapting font size and contrast can significantly improve accessibility for those with vision impairments. Larger fonts benefit those with mild to moderate sight loss, while guidelines from organizations like the RNIB can assist manufacturers in choosing effective colour combinations.

  • Haptics: Textured packaging, such as embossed brand names or unique shapes, can aid product identification by touch. For instance, the distinct shape of Coca-Cola bottles helps identify the brand through touch.

  • Shape: Unique packaging shapes, like Toblerone’s triangular bars, can assist in brand recognition even without visual cues.

  • Narrative Labels: Technologies like Navilens provide accessible product information through photos, videos, larger text, and voice narration, which also helps those facing reading challenges.

  • Barcode Technology: QR codes and colourful barcodes can convey product information. Combining these with narrative labels and haptics can enhance accessibility. An app by Microsoft and Haleon, for example, allows users to scan barcodes and receive audio information about the product.

  • Freshness Indicators: Innovations like Mimica’s ‘Bump’ use tactile feedback to indicate food freshness, helping visually impaired consumers assess product quality without visual cues.

 

Challenges and Considerations

Designing packaging that is both tactile and visually appealing presents several challenges. Solutions must enhance usability while remaining attractive to a broad audience. Considerations include how products are used, as this affects how visually impaired individuals interact with them. For example, a digital scanning mechanism might work well in a supermarket, while tactile features may be more suitable for items like shampoo.

Manufacturers must balance sustainability with accessibility. For instance, integrating Braille into the packaging material itself can be more durable than using sticky labels. Additionally, while only about 8% of visually impaired individuals use Braille, combining haptics, assistive technologies, and other solutions can improve inclusivity.

Cost is a significant factor, particularly when adapting existing packaging. Many companies make incremental changes, starting with a few products before extending improvements. Although manufacturers are cautious about passing on costs to consumers, the growing number of visually impaired individuals presents a strong business case for enhancing accessibility. Legally, any new solutions must comply with packaging and labelling regulations, ensuring that both physical labels and online information are current.

Retail Environments and Campaigns

I also explored how stores and campaigns have addressed accessibility for visually impaired individuals:

RNIB Initiatives During COVID-19:

  • Aldi: Introduced a traffic light system for store entry and added an audio alert to improve accessibility.

  • IKEA: Trained staff across the UK and Ireland to support blind and partially sighted customers.

  • Tesco: Enhanced visibility of Perspex screens with tape to aid navigation.

  • McKeevers Chemists: Implemented RNIB’s best practice guidance to assist customers with sight loss.

  • Waitrose: Updated priority hour policies to include non-visible disabilities.

  • Engagement with Supermarkets: Worked with major UK supermarket chains to improve accessibility during social distancing.

 

Whatsin Store’ Campaign by RNIB

 

The “Whatsin Store” campaign featured a deliberately inaccessible shop to highlight the challenges faced by visually impaired shoppers. Hidden cameras captured shoppers' reactions to the difficulties posed by inaccessible packaging.

Youtube Link - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTSKk9UzcMc

 

Apps for Visually Impaired Individuals:

  • VoiceOver: A built-in screen reader for iPhones that reads aloud text and describes on-screen elements, including app icons and images.

  • Evelity: An indoor navigation app that provides audio instructions for complex locations, compatible with VoiceOver and TalkBack.

  • Moovit: Offers comprehensive public transportation information and announces stop names on buses and trains, crucial for blind or visually impaired users.

 

This research underscores the need for continued innovation and collaboration to create accessible packaging and retail environments, ensuring that visually impaired individuals can access and interact with products and services more independently.

WEEK 4: 17th June'24 - 21th June'24

17th June'24 - Idea Generation 

After conducting research, I began brainstorming and developing some initial ideas to assess their potential effectiveness.

IDEA 01: Tactile Rings for Product Recognition

These rubber tactile rings are designed to attach to various products. The rings enable visually impaired shoppers to recognize items by touch when displayed in stores. Staff can easily apply these rings to products, enhancing accessibility and independence for visually impaired customers as they explore and identify items through tactile feedback.

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IDEA 02: Tactile Labels

This concept involves introducing tactile clip-on labels that attach to product section signs in retail stores. For example, a tactile label shaped like a kidney bean could be clipped onto shelves containing kidney beans. This innovation aims to assist visually impaired shoppers by providing tactile cues that help them identify specific product sections independently within the store environment.

IDEA 03: Tactile Floor Paths

Install tactile floor paths that guide visually impaired shoppers through the store to major sections and frequently sought items. The paths would feature textured flooring with distinct patterns and colours detectable by touch and low vision, possibly enhanced with subtle lighting or sound cues to further aid navigation.

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IDEA 04: Smart Navigation Shopping Cart

To enhance navigation for visually impaired shoppers, I propose redesigning the shopping cart. This innovative cart would sync with a mobile app on a smartphone, providing real-time directional guidance throughout the store. This integration aims to make shopping more accessible and enjoyable by ensuring seamless navigation.

19th June'24 - Finding Visually Impaired Individuals

To gain a deeper understanding of my target audience, I sought to conduct interviews to learn about their experiences and the challenges they face. In my search, I discovered iSight Cornwall, a charity organization dedicated to supporting individuals affected by sight loss in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, regardless of age or condition. Established in 1856, iSight Cornwall has a long history of assisting those with visual impairments, helping them lead active, independent lives at home, work, and in their social circles. The charity also addresses the environmental, societal, and financial impacts of sight loss and provides essential equipment and resources.

I reached out to iSight Cornwall, and they kindly provided me with contact details for five visually impaired individuals. Additionally, they reviewed my interview questions and recommended reducing the original list from 30 to 10 questions to enhance the effectiveness of the interviews.

WEEK 5: 24th June'24 - 28th June'24

24th June'24 - Presentation Feedback

Before the fieldwork period began, I presented my ideas and the research I had conducted. The feedback revealed that the concept of Tactile Labels (Idea 02) was well-received, though there were concerns about the potential ambiguity and confusion of the symbols for visually impaired shoppers. Additionally, while the Smart Navigation Shopping Cart was appreciated, it was suggested that placing the phone on the handle might be more practical than positioning it at the bottom, which could be challenging to access.

The focus of the fieldwork was to conduct interviews, gather insights, sketch ideas, and then further develop them based on the feedback received.

Presentation PDF -

28th June'24 - Essay Presentation Feedback

Before starting the fieldwork period, we were required to present our essay plans and thesis statements. The feedback I received indicated that my essay structure was becoming quite complex. I was advised to simplify the chapters and refine the thesis statement to ensure clarity and coherence.

Presentation PDF -

WEEK 6: 1th July'24 - 5th July'24

1th July'24 - Questionnaire

This my questionnaire:

During this period, I interviewed five visually impaired individuals and asked them 10 questions during a telephone call.

WEEK 7: 8th July'24 - 12th July'24

8th July'24 - Interview Insights and recommendations 

Insights:

• Most of them experienced mental health issues that prevented them from going to

physical stores.

• The presence of many people in the store made them uncomfortable, as sighted

individuals were not aware of their presence.

• They relied on the sense of touch and the feel of the objects to navigate their

surroundings

• Many struggled with the light and sound in grocery stores.

• The staff in Cornwall were found to be quite friendly.

• The changing layout of physical stores made navigation difficult, especially in

large stores with constantly moving people.

• The signage in stores was difficult for them to read and needed improvement.

• There is a need to raise awareness about visually impaired individuals among both

staff and sighted customers

Recommendations:

• Supermarkets should have more space.

• Stores could adjust their lighting and sound, and have support staff available.

• Proposed the idea of having audio in each section of the store to help people navigate,

similar to how there are talking toilets.

• Introduce apps to help customers navigate the store and find the right products.

• Increase staff members to assist customers.

• Raise awareness about the presence of visually impaired individuals and train staff on

how to interact with them.

• Adding lights to some areas would be great.

• Improve signage throughout the store.

• Organizing items in alphabetical order to make it easier to find things. For example, if

physical stores organised products alphabetically, it would be easier to guess where

things are located.

• Recommended putting barcodes in consistent.

9th July’24 - Brainstorming and Idea generations 

During the brainstorming phase, I discovered that many individuals with visual impairments do not use available apps. Reasons include high costs and a general awareness of these tools, but a reluctance to use them.

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IDEA 01: Tactile Stickers on Packaging


Visually impaired individuals often face challenges in identifying the correct location to open a product. To address this issue, I propose adding tactile stickers to the packaging. These stickers will guide users in identifying the proper direction and spot to open the product, making it more accessible and user-friendly.

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IDEA 02: Tactile Labels


This concept involves creating tactile stickers that provide sensory cues about a product's freshness. The stickers would use distinct scents and shapes to represent different stages of freshness:

  • Fresh: Mint or vanilla scent with a circular shape.

  • Near Expiration: Citrus scent with a square shape.

  • Expired: Coffee scent with a diamond shape.
    These tactile and olfactory cues would allow users to easily determine a product's freshness without needing to read labels, making it particularly useful for visually impaired individuals or in situations where quick identification is essential.

IDEA 03: Standardisation of Tactile Symbols in Stores


To enhance store accessibility, I considered implementing standardized tactile symbols to assist visually impaired shoppers in navigating the store. These symbols would be placed in areas where they can be easily touched, helping shoppers identify different sections. However, for this to be effective, users would need to learn and recognize these symbols beforehand.

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10 July’ 24 - Developing Idea 03

I am particularly interested in expanding on Concept 03, which involves enhancing grocery store environments to better accommodate visually impaired shoppers. My plan is to research the range of groceries offered by stores and categorize them to improve the shopping experience. By understanding the product offerings, I aim to organize and streamline the shopping process, making it easier for customers to locate what they need.

This project includes:

  • Developing a detailed classification system for grocery items.

  • Analyzing consumer preferences to create a more intuitive layout or interface for grocery selection.

  • Identifying gaps in product availability and opportunities for introducing new items or highlighting specific categories.

 

The ultimate goal is to enhance customer satisfaction and operational efficiency in the grocery shopping experience.

Question

How might I revolutionize grocery store environments to ensure that visually impaired shoppers can navigate and shop independently with ease and confidence?

To explore the creation of tactile symbols, I selected the Tesco grocery store in Falmouth, a primary destination for local shoppers. Key benefits of this project include:

  • Enhanced accessibility and independence for visually impaired customers.

  • Positive brand image and increased customer loyalty for participating stores.

  • Adherence to accessibility regulations and guidelines.

 

For this concept, I focused on the Tesco store in Falmouth, compiling a list of groceries available there. I then organized these items into main categories, which were further divided into Subcategory 1 and Subcategory 2. This structured approach aims to create a more accessible and efficient shopping environment for visually impaired individuals.

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11 July’ 24 - Exploring

I began by sketching a range of symbols specifically designed for visually impaired shoppers. This process involved exploring various design approaches to ensure the symbols were intuitive and accessible. I considered factors such as texture, size, and shape to enhance the tactile experience for users with visual impairments.

My goal was to develop symbols that could be easily understood through touch alone, without the need for additional explanation. To achieve this, I focused on creating distinct, recognizable designs that would convey clear, meaningful information. This included incorporating features like raised lines and varied textures to differentiate between symbols and ensure they were user-friendly.

By prioritizing these elements, I aimed to improve the overall shopping experience, making it more inclusive and accessible for everyone, regardless of their level of vision.

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WEEK 8: 15th July'24 - 19th July'24

15 July' 24 - First Prototyping 

In this phase, my focus was on developing the primary category symbols and letters to test their effectiveness in conveying information through tactile means. The aim was to ensure that the symbols and alphabets were appropriately designed for tactile use.

I began by exploring various materials and design considerations for creating standardized tactile symbols. This included determining the optimal sizes for letters and symbols and experimenting with different methods to create raised or recessed elements that could be easily distinguished by touch.

For the initial prototyping, I used 3D printing technology to produce the symbols. My approach involved making the letters raised and the symbols recessed to establish a clear tactile distinction. However, during testing, I encountered some challenges. The raised letters were too thin and small, making them difficult to discern by touch. Similarly, the recessed symbols proved hard to recognize due to their small size and the depth of the recesses. This made accurate interpretation of the symbols challenging for users.

These challenges highlighted the need for adjustments to enhance tactile feedback and overall usability. This insight prompted further refinements in the design to improve the effectiveness of the tactile communication system.

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18 July' 24 - Second Prototyping 

After evaluating the initial prototypes, I decided to increase the size of both the letters and symbols to enhance readability. My goal was to determine the optimal thickness for the letters and the ideal dimensions for both elements.

To achieve this, I measured and tested various examples with different thicknesses and sizes. I carefully observed how these changes impacted readability and the overall appearance. By comparing the results, I was able to pinpoint the best thickness and dimensions that balance clarity with aesthetic appeal. This process was crucial for developing a cohesive and visually engaging final product.

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WEEK 9: 22th July'24 - 26th July'24

23 July' 24 - Third Prototyping 

Having experimented with 3D printing, I decided to try using wood as an alternative material, believing it might offer improved results. I created a sample of one symbol using this new material and found it to be more comprehensible. Encouraged by this, I then reduced the size of both the letters and symbols to see how the smaller dimensions would affect clarity and overall design.

WOOD 02.jpg

25 July' 24 - Third Prototyping 

I created another prototype using wood, but it proved to be less effective due to its pointed corners, which made the symbols difficult to interpret. After testing both materials, it became clear that 3D printing is preferable. The smooth surface of 3D-printed prototypes provides a more tactile and comfortable experience compared to wood, which can be sharp and uncomfortable.

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WEEK 10: 29th July'24 - 2th August'24

30th July’24 - Feedback

Before finalizing the artwork, I decided to consult a few interviewees to gather insights on potential improvements. The feedback was largely positive, but there were concerns regarding the colour and size of the symbols and letters. Based on this input, I will adjust the size and colour of the symbols and letters to better align with their preferences. After making these revisions, I will seek further feedback to ensure the final version meets everyone’s expectations.

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31 July'24 - Changes in the leading board

Following the feedback I received, I began by enlarging the symbols and letters. I also made specific adjustments to letters such as G, S, C, and A by redesigning them and making them bolder. Additionally, I introduced a new subcategory, “Bedroom,” to address what appeared to be a missing section.

The final design features a leading board to be placed at the entrance of the store, with data strips positioned along the aisles. I also created a booklet to guide the implementation of these elements in the grocery store.

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Data Strips:

To improve navigation, I designed strips to be placed in the aisles, indicating the section each customer is in. I experimented with various heights for these strips, considering visibility, customer comfort, and the store’s overall look. My goal was to ensure that the strips were noticeable yet unobtrusive.

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1st August'24 - Leading board specifications

Tactile Board Design

Dimensions:

• Width: 42cm

• Height: 52.11cm

• Thickness: 0.2cm

The board is compact yet spacious enough to accommodate

multiple symbols, ensuring ease of use without being

cumbersome.

 

Layout:

• Main Categories: The board is divided into main categories, each representing a different theme or subject area.

• Subcategories: Within each main category, related symbols are grouped into subcategories to further refine the learning experience. This hierarchical structure

supports progressive learning, allowing users to build their knowledge gradually.

• Tactile Labels: Each symbol is accompanied by a raised tactile label, providing immediate feedback and aiding in symbol recognition. These labels are distinct in texture and shape, making them easy to differentiate.

Instructions for Use

• Begin at the Top: Start exploring the board from the

topmost section, where the first category is located. This

top-down approach guides users systematically through

the board.

• Feel Each Symbol and Label: Gently run your fingers over

each symbol and its corresponding tactile label. Pay close

attention to the texture and shape, noting how they relate

to the category.

• Memorize the Texture and Shape: Take time to memorize

the unique texture and shape of each symbol within a

category. This will help in recalling and identifying the

symbols during learning exercises.

• Explore Subcategories: As you progress through the main

categories, move on to explore the subcategories. Use the

same method of tactile exploration and memorization for

each subcategory.

• Review Regularly: Revisit each category and subcategory

to reinforce your memory and ensure a strong grasp of

the material. Regular practice will improve retention and

familiarity with the symbols.

• Utilize Repetition: For effective learning, repeat the

process of feeling and memorizing the symbols multiple

times. The more frequently you engage with the board,

the more confident you will become in recognizing and

recalling the symbols.

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2nd august'24 - Symbol design and specifications

On the Aisle Data Strips:

1. Data Strip Dimensions:

• Height: 4 cm

• Width: 20 cm

• Depth: 0.2 cm

• Angle: 70 degree

• Bended - 1.6 cm

2. Symbol Dimensions:

• Height: 3 cm

• Width:

Min - 1.5 cm, Max - 3 cm

• Depth: 0.3 cm

Description of Symbols

• Main Category Symbols: Represent different sections like Drinks, Pets etc.

Example: A drop shape for the Drinks section.

• Subcategory Symbols (01 and 02): Further differentiate within main

categories like alcoholic, kitchen, etc. Example: A raised vodka shape for

alcoholics in the Drinks section.

• Alphabets: Raised alphabetic characters to aid in product identification.

• Placement of Symbols (Aisle): Group symbols by category.

 

Design Specifications:

On the Learning Board:

Materials: Polylactic Acid

1. Symbols Dimension:

• Height:

Min - 2 cm, Max - 0.5 cm

• Width:

Min - 1.3 cm, Max - 1.5 cm

• Depth: 0.3 cm

2. Alphabets Dimension:

• Height: 1.3 cm

• Width: 1.3 cm

• Depth: 0.3 cm

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WEEK 11: 5th August'24 - 9th August'24

5th August'24 - Implement in Tesco store

To demonstrate how the symbols will be positioned in the store, I created a map of the Tesco store in Falmouth. This map illustrates how Tesco could implement the symbols within the store. This visual representation highlights strategic locations for each symbol, ensuring they are placed where they will be most effective. The map also takes into account customer flow and high-traffic areas to

maximize visibility and usability. By following this layout, Tesco can enhance navigation and provide a clearer shopping experience for customers.

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Guidelines

 

Placement in Store:

1. Learning Boards

• Location: Install tactile learning boards prominently at

the entrance of the store. This placement allows visually

impaired customers to familiarize themselves with the

tactile symbols and their meanings before they begin

shopping. The boards should be designed with clear,

raised symbols that represent different store sections or

categories

• Features: Position the boards at an accessible height for

all users, including those in wheelchairs.

 

2. Symbols Placement

• Aisles: Affix symbols on datastrips along the shelves

within each aisle to indicate specific product

subcategories. Ensure these symbols are placed at a

reachable height for easy identification by shoppers.

 

3. Accessible

• Staff Assistance: Train staff members to be stationed

at the store entrance to assist customers with the new

tactile system. They should be prepared to explain the

purpose of the learning boards and symbols, and provide

guidance on how to use them effectively. Staff should

be approachable and ready to answer any questions

shoppers might have about navigating the store.

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Benefits of Standardisation

 

For Visually Impaired Shoppers

 

• Increased Independence and Ease of Navigation: Standardized tactile symbols will enable visually impaired shoppers to navigate the store more confidently and independently. They will be able to identify sections and products with greater ease

• Enhanced Shopping Experience and Satisfaction: Improved navigation and item location will lead to a better shopping experience, resulting in higher satisfaction and a more enjoyable visit.

 

For Grocery Stores

 

• Positive Brand Image: Implementing standardized tactile symbols will position the store as an inclusive and accessible retailer, enhancing its reputation and setting it apart from competitors.

• Increased Customer Loyalty: Shoppers benefiting from these accessibility features are likely to share their positive experiences, leading to increased customer loyalty and positive word-of-mouth.

• Compliance with Accessibility Regulations and Guidelines: Adopting these symbols helps ensure compliance with accessibility regulations and guidelines, contributing to a more inclusive environment.

 

Staff Training (Training Objectives)

 

• Familiarity with Tactile Symbols: Train staff to understand the tactile symbols, including their meanings and locations throughout the store. Provide them with hands-on experience to ensure they can accurately

describe and assist customers with these symbols.

• Develop Customer Assistance Skills: Equip staff with the skills to provide effective and respectful assistance to visually impaired shoppers. This includes training in communication techniques, empathy, and problemsolving

to address various customer needs.

• Promote Inclusivity: Encourage a culture of inclusivity among staff, emphasizing the importance of supporting all customers regardless of their abilities. This includes fostering an understanding of the challenges faced by visually impaired shoppers and adopting a proactive approach to customer service.

6th August'24 - Developing the booklet 

To fully grasp the concept, I created a booklet detailing the implementation of the idea and its potential benefits for the store. This booklet covers everything from initial research to practical steps for execution. It provides a comprehensive overview of the process, including key findings, potential challenges, and solutions for effective integration. Additionally, it outlines best practices and offers recommendations for maximizing the idea’s impact on store operations. By following the guidelines provided, the store can better understand the value of the idea and how to leverage it to enhance performance and customer satisfaction.

9th August'24 - Prototyping the booklet

To verify that the booklet contained all necessary information, I printed it out, but it printed incorrectly. There were a few additions I needed to make, including inserting an image of the data strips in the aisle to demonstrate their appearance, including prototypes of the materials I used, and updating the Tesco map.

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WEEK 12: 12th August'24 - 16th August'24

15th August'24 - Final work

© 2024 | Akshita Kalra | Graphic Designer

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